Accelerates conservation benefits through targeted efforts for water quality, water quantity and wildlife. As mentioned in Rahman et al. However much higher daily generation rates have been reported, with 2.8 kg/bed in Ghana (Adama et al., 2016), between 0.5 and 2 kg/bed in India (Mathur et al., 2011) and 2.5 to 3.01 kg/bed in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Farzadkia et al., 2009). For cover cropping, faba beans are the farms first choice because of their ability to produce nitrogen and to grow quickly. The site is secure. Six projects were started in 1996-97 to demonstrate the potential of urban soils programs when funding was removed as a barrier. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.023. Read and download Urban soil contaminants and remediation. Urban soil survey is a broad area that can be divided into 6 topics. The most common contaminant in urban and suburban areas is lead, and ingestion of contaminated soil is the most common pathway of exposure. Find them in the USDA Employee Directory. Increased risk for lead exposure in children through consumption of produce grown in urban soils. It has the potential to provide multiple benefits, including increased food security. The authors concluded that household waste often includes products that may be considered hazardous because of the residual levels of contaminants, such as lead-based paints, garden pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, cleaning chemicals and detergents, fluorescent tubes, used oils, batteries and accumulators, highly flammable aerosols, treated wood, small appliances and electronic equipment. When Vacant Lots Become Urban Gardens: Characterizing the Perceived and Actual Food Safety Concerns of Urban Agriculture in Ohio. Epub 2016 Jan 11. Please click here to see any active alerts. The recent publication on Cranberry Soil Maps (by Jim Turenne) is an example of landscape links to small areas of special use. Open burning of household waste and MSW is a common practice worldwide (Zhang et al., 2011a), as a strategy to reduce the amount of waste to be managed or transported to landfills. Sections of a property that have obvious signs of potential problems may require separate testing procedures. Contaminants such as inorganic mercury (IOMC and IOMC, 2002; Pacyna et al., 2016; Pearson et al., 2019; UN Environment and AMAP, 2019), POPS and other organochlorine compounds (Balmer et al., 2019; Cabrerizo et al., 2018a) are capable of long-range atmospheric transportation before deposition (Figure 9). Most of the urban soil samples from whereas As concentrations were dominated by soil parent the older urban areas of Jiangbei and Cuiping Districts materials. Careers. Soil pollution in urban ecosystems is a global environmental problem. These can often be incorporated into landscaping features of green infrastructure. Compost, cover crops and other organic amendments are usually required before producing any crops to increase organic matter, improve soil structure and promote soil biological activity, and they should be used each growing season to maintain soil health. Impaire water quality. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Updated June 28, 2018. From its growing domestic consumption, it also is expected to become the largest producer (Fu et al., 2018). While the soil went through a remediation process, City Slicker still needed to bring in new soil for the entire site. Leakage from underground fuel tanks at vehicle filling stations is also very common, with the plume of contaminants spreading through soil with the groundwater. Denton et al. Contamination in Urban Soils. All soils were Eutric or Dystric Gleysols derived from 2>30 yr old deposits Management of Nitrogen and Phosphorus. DDT is the most regulated pesticide in the world, with threshold values for soils that range from 0.33 g/kg in Oregon to 10 g/kg in the Netherlands (Li and Jennings, 2017). In the case of lead, the risk of exposure from contact with contaminated soil is significantly higher than from a crop that has absorbed the metal from the soil. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The USDAs Urban Agriculture Toolkit provides information on how to start an urban farming operation and identifies technical and financial resources that might be available to help with each step. Sanitary landfills have an impermeable base, leachate capture and treatment, and landfill gas capture and treatment. Rehabilitates NRCS dams to comply with design safety performance standards. It leads to the emergence of new industrial technologies, construction materials and techniques. Kaza et al. They contain technical information about the conservation of soil, water, air, and related plant and animal resources. In a similar study, an irregular pattern of trace element distribution was observed in urban areas of Chicago that Cannon and Horton (2009) associated with atmospheric deposition from different anthropogenic sources, the impact of which was significantly greater than in surrounding agricultural areas. Anthropoge 2017) or organic pollutants such as pesticides (Margenat et al. City Slicker Farms moved into the site in 2016, and it opened to the public that summer. 2015. Soil mixes are typically combinations of special minerals like vermiculite clay (treated by heating), perlite (expanded volcanic rock particles) and organic materials like peat moss, compost or biochar. With the de-industrialization of many cities, urban renewal projects frequently involve the redevelopment of former manufacturing and transportation sites into housing and office developments, or urban parks. Technical service providers offer planning, design, and implementation services to agricultural producers on behalf of NRCS. This makes it difficult to estimate the amount of waste produced at the global level and its polluting potential (Kawai and Tasaki, 2016; UNECE and Statistics Netherlands, 2017). Contaminated Soil Treatment - How To Clean Contaminated Soils, Seed Lending Library: How To Start A Seed Library, Fruit And Vegetable Peel Uses - Interesting Uses For Old Peels, Super Hardy Shrubs And Trees For Northern Climates, Tips For Cooking Turnip Greens From The Garden, Pacific Northwest Plants Any Northwest Gardener Can Grow, When Do Azaleas Bloom Information On Azalea Blooming Periods, Pomegranate Tree Leaves Falling Off: Why Do Pomegranate Trees Lose Leaves, Urban Gardening: The Ultimate Guide To City Gardening, Dividing Butterfly Bush: How And When To Divide Butterfly Bush Plants, Home & Garden Marketplace: Advertiser Info. An ongoing debate concerns the choice of on-site versus landscape models for urban surveys to deal with phosphorus and other issues. However, it has been observed that degradation of organic matter stabilizes after some years, depending on aeration and climatic conditions, and contaminants are retained within the stable organic fraction and therefore are unlikely to be mineralised or mobilised in the long-term if waste is rich in organic matter (Chen, Knappe and Barlaz, 2013; Keuter, Frnd and Kerth, 2011; Lemanowicz, Bartkowiak and Breza-Boruta, 2016). Technology transfer in urban soils occurs on two levels: Training in the NASIS interpretations generator module is available through soil survey offices in each state, targeting USDA-NRCS soil scientists and their counterparts in other disciplines. Compaction is common with any type of activity that involves soil disturbance, digging and construction equipment, and it affects both rural and urban areas. Urban agriculture runs a higher risk of soil contamination. This article discusses urban gardening in bad soil and managing contaminated soil in city gardens. Read on to learn more about urban soil contamination. The distance from such air discharge activities, the predominant wind direction and the weight and size of the particles, are all influences on the soil contaminant content (Li et al., 2019; Meuser, 2010). As defined in the glossary, point-source pollution arises from discernible, confined and discrete source from which contaminants are discharged. Learn about the conservation needs and latest updates in your state, and access needed resources. It may also include similar waste from small commercial activities, office buildings, educational facilities and governmental buildings, and small businesses that treat or dispose of the waste in the same facilities used for waste collected by the municipality. The hazardous fraction is described in (Table 5). In natural areas, where hunting is practised, the presence of lead in soils released from the weathering of lead-containing ammunition is also a concern for human health and the environment (Duggan and Dhawan, 2007; ECHA, 2018). Deposition of metals and other chemicals like polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) come from historical industrial activity and manufacturing materials used to build the infrastructure of a modern society. But it is not only leachate that poses a risk to the environment and human health (Figure 14). Typically, the first challenges you are likely to find with urban soils are compaction, the presence of concrete, construction materials and other trash, and the presence of toxic compounds. Major sources of point-source and diffuse pollution in urban soils are presented below or in the following sections of this chapter (see Section 3.5. on industrial and transport areas and 3.4.6Error! Pesticides are also widely used to control weeds and pests that affect vegetation in urban green areas or to control disease vectors. There are many kinds of toxic compounds that can be present in urban soils, and they can come from a variety of sources depending on the location and land-use history of a property (Figure 22.3). They all can suffer accidental or incidental losses due to natural disasters, such as the action of hurricanes, earthquakes or fires, due to poor maintenance causing deterioration and consequent rupture and leakage, as well as external damage during excavation (Ramrez-Camacho et al., 2017). Conservation Technical Assistance (CTA)provides our nations farmers, ranchers and forestland owners with the knowledge and tools they need to conserve, maintain and restore the natural resources on their lands and improve the health of their operations for the future. Can leach to groundwater or be volatile. Read on to learn more about urban soil contamination. Conservation and organics go hand-in-hand, and NRCS offers tools for organic farmers to improve their operations. The crops that are crucial to their mission of providing healthy food to the community reflect that change. (2013) in their study of PAHs in urban soil in Shanghai identified six sources of the total soil PAH burden: petrogenic sources (6 percent); coal combustion (21 percent); biomass burning (13 percent); creosotes (16 percent); coke production (23 percent) and vehicular emissions (21 percent). For example, there is a need to provide adequate water and nutrients to the soil, and to ensure that the pH is balanced, just as with rural agricultural soils. (2018) and Jamshidi et al. Where pollution from atmospheric deposition falls in catchment areas, it can be transported and concentrated by runoff and floods. on industrial and urban waste). A detailed scientific understanding of the processes and interactions involving phosphorus helps to clarify the limitations of the estimates of phosphorus transport and adsorption. Urban areas also have a lot of food waste, tree leaves and tree trimmings that can be turned into compost or mulch and used to improve the soildone at the municipal scale or in home backyards. The database will provide a general range of urban background contaminant levels to be expected from sites in Region 4 cities. According to FAO, some 800 million people worldwide produce food in urban gardens (FAO, 2019a), which has a major beneficial impact on household incomes, food security and nutrition while providing urban green space and its resilience to climate change. The utility of the tool is improved as coverage of data for comparison over broader areas increases and more urban background data are added. A circular letter recently requested comments on urban taxonomy for consideration by the International Committee on Anthropogenic Soils (ICOMANTH). Non-point source (NPS) pollution is regarded as the major threat to water quality worldwide, and ecological ditches (EDs) are considered an important and widely used method to collect and move NPS pollutants from fields to downstream water bodies. Under Annex B, the Stockholm Convention allows countries to apply for an acceptable purpose exemption to use DDT to control of the malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquito generally by indoor residual spraying (Stockholm Convention, 2019). When City Slicker Farms moved into its new location in West Oakland, a 1.4-acre site that was once a paint factory, the nonprofit urban farm faced the challenge of rebuilding the soil from the ground up. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, 81 percent of the nations population lives in urban areas. This is illustrated in the Janghang Smelter case study in Chapter 7. In urban situations, the strategies outlined here should generally be considered and used in that order, from physical to chemical to biological. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. In Beijings urban parks, Li et al. Look into historical land use through Sanborn Maps, which includes building information as far back as 1867 for over 12,000 towns and cities. An example of the urban survey is the prototype for LaTourette Park on Staten Island, New York. Helps landowners restore, enhance, and protect forestland resources on private and tribal lands and aids the recovery of endangered and threatened species. A systems approach to these research areas is the focus of ecosystem studies, although urban customers often hold deep concerns for specific soil behaviors (lead toxicity, dust inhalation, mud transfer) that are seen as the controlling the whole system. Receiving countries usually have less regulation on e-waste management and waste is frequently accumulated in unmanaged makeshift dumps. Soil testing is described in detail in Chapter 21. We have discussed concerns related to urban soils in the context of crops and food production. Urban soils also are located within cities in park areas, recreation areas, community gardens, green belts, lawns, septic absorption fields, sediment basins and other uses. Boulding, R. and J.S. Local restaurants, cafes, arborists and municipal compost piles are common sources (Figure 22.4). This will also alleviate existing compaction problems. Would you like email updates of new search results? USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mulches, including living mulches, can be used to suppress weeds and reduce erosion. Most of the urban soil samples from whereas As concentrations were dominated by soil parent the older urban areas of Jiangbei and Cuiping Districts materials. The high accumulation of brominated flame retardants in the topsoil in a local dismantling workshop in Qingyuan County and the secondary transfer in chickens due to their feeding habits was reported by Luo et al. One central entry point for you to access information and help from USDA, Regional Conservation Partnership Program, Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive Program, Agricultural Conservation Easement Program, USDA Releases Nationwide Farmer, Rancher and Forest Manager Prospective Customer Survey, Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), View All Education and Teaching Materials, Mississippi Soil depth to clay for urban hydrologic planning, Colorado Survey feasibility for metropolitan Denver, Arizona Marketing/Products for non-scientists, Massachusetts New Age Packaging of Soil Information, New Mexico Soils Technology Transfer Products, attaining proficiency in the NASIS system for use of the national soil survey database, transferring the scientific knowledge of soil processes and the observations of soil behavior to the general public in a format that makes sense to them, recommending and populating new soil data elements, and. Entwistle JA, Amaibi PM, Dean JR, Deary ME, Medock D, Morton J, Rodushkin I, Bramwell L. Environ Int. Lead is the most common contaminant in urban areas. Were looking to hopefully prevent some of our pest problems by growing much healthier plants and by increasing the amount of habitat we have for our beneficial insects, so that well be able to use more of those biological controls as part of our pest management strategy. The Farm Park also has its beehives to provide the dual benefit of pollination and honey production. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The goal is to complete the initial testing of these interpretations quickly and to fully document the soil behavior under those uses so that maverick tables become interpretations generated through NASIS. When people try to control pests using chemical pesticides, most of the pesticide ends up in the soil. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) provides a yearly rental payment to farmers who remove environmentally sensitive land from agricultural production and plant species that will improve environmental health and quality. On golf courses and other greens, similar gap-graded soil materials are applied (typically sand, with certain sizes omitted) to better support foot traffic while still maintaining healthy turf growth. Leachates from young landfills are rich in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (Reinhard, Barker and Goodman, 1984), which causes soil and groundwater pollution, since this DOC is capable of leaking from the waste pile and mobilising some organic contaminants and trace elements contained in the landfill. A leakage from wastewater systems will release a variety of contaminants into soils that may ultimately reach groundwater (Rutsch et al., 2008; Wolf, Zwiener and Zemann, 2012). The results can be seem on IPENs interactive map (IPEN, 2020). Looking for a particular employee of NRCS? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 1. A Cornell pilot study of 44 gardens in New York City shows that less than 10 percent of soil samples tested had more lead than state guidance values. An official website of the United States government. In urban areas, soil contamination is largely caused by human activities. Brings together partners to innovate on conservation approaches and technologies. MeSH This fact alone is enough to justify the need to identify, describe, and map urban soils to modern standards. Subdividing pollution sources is necessary to assess soil contamination characteristics and identify sources according to the contamination cause. 8600 Rockville Pike They pose a potential risk to human health due to bio-accumulation of these contaminants in cattle and chicken (Augustsson et al., 2015; Weber et al., 2019, 2018a), and continued contact with contaminated soils during recreational activities, which is especially dangerous for young children. Soil samples were collected from Louisville, KY; Lexington, KY; Memphis, TN; Raleigh, NC;Winston-Salem, NC, and Gainesville, FL. Epub 2018 Nov 16. From pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), cleaning products, paints and solvents, flame-retardants, pesticides for in-house insects and gardening, the domestic environment is potentially exposed to a great variety of organic and inorganic contaminants. Its important to understand and to pay attention to the ways that construction equipment can cause compaction if such equipment is needed when preparing a site for urban farming or landscaping. Find more information on how to apply for NRCS conservation programs. We define urban as populated areas of various sizes. Official websites use .gov Urban biotechnology methods (urboecophytobiotechnology) can be used to improve plant resistance (1,2). The book links up the contamination problem of urban soils with geographical aspects such as the historical development of city growth, the process of urbanization and the urban-to-rural gradients. Soil Degradation: Erosion, Compaction, and Contamination, Ch 7. CU-Structural Soil: A Comprehensive Guide. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. Degrade over long time periods. A thorough site assessment of a property should also take into account other conditions that could affect its viability for urban farming or gardening, such as slope and drainage patterns, the presence of aboveground and belowground utility lines, or existing unwanted structures, including possibly the buried foundations of previous buildings. Updated graphics and the selection of manuscript text of greatest interest to a very specific non-farm customer are new to soil survey. (2010) conducted a review of heavily polluted areas from e-waste recycling facilities in China and India. 2015 Nov;78(11):2070-80. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-181. These are just two examples of urban soil characteristics that may be lingering in your backyard. To address that, City Slicker built insectary strips filled with plants like chamomile and bachelor buttons at the headrows of their beds to serve as a beneficial insect oasis, Pavuk says. Green areas in cities provide multiple ecosystem services, from primary services such as the reservoir of nutrients and organic carbon in the soil, to food production, or the provision of cultural and recreational services (Bretzel et al., 2016). The tops are then either used as mulch, added to compost or served as feed in their chicken coop. (2016) have also reported high levels of cadmium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc in co-disposal landfills in Saipan (Mariana Islands). The letter provides a link between riparian areas and urban areas for soil survey methodology. However, this informal recycling and processing can also have an adverse effect on the environment and waste pickers health since it is frequently done without any kind of control or containment measure for the release of contaminants, which accumulate in the soil of the work areas, which are often the same ones in which they live, putting at serious risk not only the health of the recyclers but also of their families, and especially their children (Auler, Nakashima and Cuman, 2014; Coelho et al., 2016; Gutberlet and Baeder, 2008; Parveen and Faisal, 2005) (see Chapter 4 for more details). 905R1103. High-income countries are attempting to treat MSW as a resource and to increase the value that can be recovered from it (Figure 12). Hazardous waste that is dumped or disposed of in a poorly designed and managed landfill risks pollution of surrounding soils through migration of hazardous contaminants through leachate and physical dispersal by wind, scavengers, and human activity. In this regard, the aim of the research was to assess the potential health hazards of iron Another similarity is that a main source of soil degradation in urban areas is compaction from lost organic matter and traffic (construction activities, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.). If contaminant levels are modest or concentrated near the surface, scraping only the top layer of soil and replacing it with quality topsoil might be more feasible. Contamination and compaction of soil are common problems in urban areas and must be addressed before putting urban land into food production. These contaminants generally Brings together partners and producers to protect wetlands. The customer base, however, for urban soil survey and interpretations is in pluralistic urban areas with ethnic variety that complicates the identification of stakeholders, technology transfer to customers of widely differing educational and skill levels, and project timetables that are dependent on multilevel funding networks. Remediation, or excavating large amounts of contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil, can be expensive and is usually reserved for only the most contaminated sites. In 2019 parties to the Basel Convention agreed that plastic waste should be included in its legally binding framework in order to make the global trade in plastic waste more transparent and better regulated, whilst also ensuring that its management is safer for human health and the environment (Basel Convention Secretariat, 2019). When soil contamination is a concern, mulches have the added benefit of acting as a barrier that reduces contact with contaminated soil. https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants. Once you have an understanding of the specific problems associated with a particular urban property, decide on the most appropriate reconditioning (improvement) strategies (Table 22.3). Or the soil that is there can simply be improved with amendments. An official website of the United States government. the aim of this study was (1) to evaluate the degree of contamination of urban topsoils in 18 elements (ag, as, bi, cd, co, cr, cu, hg, in, ni, pb, sb, se, sn, th, tl, u and zn) around umicore and metaleurop smelters, (2) to compare the urban topsoil contamination level with regional agricultural values and with local agricultural ones, (3) to However for economic reasons, much of the e-waste was exported to developing countries. Urban soil survey joins traditional soil surveys in needing to recognize low-input, sustainable, organic, labor-intensive, profitable, nutritious, and decorative options for landuse. In commercial areas of Kathmandu, high levels of DDT have been observed, even higher than those detected in transport routes (Pokhrel et al., 2018). The attempt to establish a common vocabulary for unconventional soil features found in urban soil survey will benefit from a soil classification system compatible with soil taxonomy. If there are trees and other large plants that need to be saved, an air spader (a device that blows soil away with high air pressure) may be used to gradually remove the compacted soil around existing roots and then replace it with healthy soil. (2008) found that total DDT levels in Zhongshan Park exceeded the Chinese environmental quality standard for soils (Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2018). The relevance of HCW management to human health is evident and has been taken into account in all these international approaches, while its impact on the environment, in particular the soil, has often been overlooked. Peel root crops and remove the outer leaves of greens. The research provided a perspective on the current state of the soil, considered major sources of pollution and helped assess the extent of urban soil contamination in However, the acquisition and maintenance of these technologies are not affordable for many health centres and hospitals in LIMCs (WHO, 2019b), which often lack the technical capacity to separate hazardous waste and manage it appropriately. An introduction to urban soils for homeowners and renters, local planning boards, property managers, students, and educators. Since urban soils are commonly contaminated or degraded in some way (Kessler 2013; Wortman and Lovell 2013), the concern about contamination is a real one, for example, with metals such as Pb (Brown et al. Urban agriculture is growing in cities across the United States. Useful records include old aerial photos, maps, permits and tax records. Published August 14, 2017. Pesticides Pesticides are among the top soil contaminants in urban areas. In-place mixing of organic materials and subsequent mulching and use of appropriate plantings are often good options for green spaces and gardens. Oftentimes construction jobs are done without regard for the high compaction potential with wet soil. Causes of Soil Pollution. In urban areas, soil contamination is largely 2015. Meuser (2010), in his book Contaminated urban soils, presents an extensive review of the main contaminants in urban soils and their sources and is a recommended reference to have for more details on this issue. This kind of co-disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste is now regulated in many developed countries, such as the United States of America (US EPA, 2016b), the European Union (EC, 2019b), and Japan (MoE, 2014), but still continues in other regions. (2017), e-waste production accounted for 44.7 million metric tons in 2016 and it is expected to increase by about 14 percent by 2021. (While cities also generate a lot of sewage sludge at wastewater treatment plants, there are often concerns with contamination by industrial and household products that keep it from being used to grow food.). 2020;25(1):18-35. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2019.1688268. Lead and its compounds are controlled in the European Union under the REACH regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals), which came into force in 2007 (EU, 2015). government site. The so-called scoop-and-dump method works well when there is no existing vegetation on the site (Figure 22.5). More recently, the Minamata Convention on Mercury provides for the reduction of certain medical equipment containing mercury, such as thermometers and blood pressure measuring devices (UNEP, 2019b; WHO, 2015). Salinization of downstream soils is also associated with urban pollution; Robinson and Hasenmueller (2017) observed the temporary salinization of soils following runoff events and flooding after the application of salt on roads to prevent icing. Atmospheric transport of contaminants occurs transnationally along all cardinal axes, north-south and east-west (Cabrerizo et al., 2018b; Hung et al., 2016). Ch 22. To kill weed seeds and pathogenic organisms, City Slicker does hot composting. Learn about webinars, training opportunities and local events related to NRCS programs and services. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. According to Ivshina et al. Poor design and management of MSW landfills increases the potential for pollution of soil through leachate and emissions to atmosphere (Renou et al., 2008). They are also more sensitive to toxic contaminants than adults. 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Provide is encrypted and transmitted securely with healthy soil material may be lingering your. Urboecophytobiotechnology ) can be used to control weeds and pests that affect vegetation in urban areas soil... Started in 1996-97 to demonstrate the potential to provide multiple benefits, including increased food security limitations of the ends... Of new industrial technologies, construction materials and techniques regulation on e-waste Management and waste is frequently in... Problems may require separate testing procedures are the farms first choice because of their ability to produce nitrogen to..., soil contamination its licensors or contributors affect vegetation in urban areas your state, and it opened to 2010. ):18-35. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2019.1688268, local planning boards, property managers, students, and other. And organics go hand-in-hand, and ingestion of contaminated soil is the common... Bring in new soil for the entire site contaminated soils with healthy soil material may be a more economical.! To protect wetlands affect vegetation in urban areas plantings are often good options for spaces... This is illustrated in the soil private and tribal lands and aids the of!
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urban soil contamination