-o98e-VLfE34*? Accordingly, approach for the research can be divided into three categories: Deductive approach Inductive approach Abductive approach The relevance of hypotheses to the study is the main distinctive point between deductive and inductive approaches. 0000037576 00000 n The goal of the special A deductive approach is concerned with "developing a hypothesis (or hypotheses) based on existing theory, and then designing a research strategy to test the hypothesis" [1] It has been stated that "deductive means reasoning from the particular to the general. ,UUE$"')LXBN.tei \(p< >HcX6Bs(%u\`:6a?\aS/ wjwjTnE^5 zzG'ySO/,YUFRc/LLL>]I')2%5[7KcE6ED1QmdQ1Sc0}'\u%:=Oio:Yi-6nRZ,Rv$)%*(yWQT8Hw0{CZ|6i(N;ruXk?]n#a|BEh]ytR^j4l? HG @G*G@~iMq~ }BFWKcJEH+} j]$tv:+n6m#h>@H]CD'( wZgd%h1-`iW |1(zsie"G "gXNzg$|g5`vo?%5z^!Hf2`0Cb)w)$KlHF?\=oR=/ iP^> c8 Secondly, the system through which data are retrieved in qualitative research approach is regarded as being unique. There are three main research approaches as (Creswell 2009): i) quantitative (structured) approach, ii) qualitative (unstructured) approach, and iii) mixed methods research. }yV%}yFdefg+)$V$*ZR03%5sMrPgkw3uU:RNOU*HnHSm8D4+,p Research approaches are the methods used to collect data for research. 192 0 obj<>stream 0 This International Conference on Qualitative Research in IT and IT in Qualitative Research is being held under the auspices of the Institute for Integrated and Intelligent Systems (IIIS) of Griffith University for the third time in 2006. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. (PDF) Approaches of research and methodology Approaches of research and methodology Authors: Loizos Symeou European University Cyprus Iasonas Lamprianou University of Cyprus Figures ' sample. zoCZy*D !@@X(OA[*/-kkd,.Zu.g629|;|s>~ac)z]@~R>. Download Free PDF View PDF Bachelor of Management Studies (B.M.S) Tejaswini Kotian Download Free PDF It starts with three important components of a research approach namelyphilosophical world view, research design, and research methods. Multi-methods: Using more than one research method Evaluation research, applied, action research = use qual + quant research methods Mixing Methods: Usually this works well, but depending on the topic/population, there can be limits: Ex: Doing Grounded Theory with Survey data: really impossible because whomever developed the 0000020970 00000 n %%EOF xref '".cK7o oK thinking, this study is based on a mixed methods research approach which is explained in detail in the following sections. designs); and specific research methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. RU-ph!]xC"'#uGyl+ww]8RxJ23m?t:Nze?1}Onr!U$j6Vhk.(SXK) 8ESY\H50{A^dmk}YOB6Lj endstream endobj startxref First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, Researching Children's Experiences Online across Countries: Issues and Problems in Methodology, What is this a case of? It includes a set of assumptions, beliefs, and values that guide the researcher in planning and conducting the study. hb```.V 10p I00\()bLLA,-L703dA}]ksm quantitative, qualitative or design-oriented methods research, with a focus on the "how" (i.e., origins, processes, steps of the method) and the "why" (e.g., "rigour vs relevance" and "it is new, but is it better" questions) these approaches should be used in IS research. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Describe the types of qualitative research methods; 3. Nn ZARFAs^ %PDF-1.6 % [Eds.] Different approaches to research encompass both theory and method. Research Approach This study utilizes the Case Study strategy. Choosing a Qualitative Approach. 0000074626 00000 n As a result, qualitative research has gained momentum as a mode of inquiry. 0000002266 00000 n designs); and specific research methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The two concepts research design and research methodology need to be clarified firstly, in order to clear the confusion that is often associated with their usage, particularly by AA %PDF-1.5 zhsPTcsV%5704#c*S6Y1gS#Has"v*]30!6ulXr|7_oBp#X]%p= 0000077174 00000 n Two general approaches are widely recognized: quantitative research and qualitative research. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences: Pearson New International Edition Bruce L. Berg 2013-08-28 Qualitative Research Methods - collection, organization, and analysis strategies This text shows novice researchers how to design, collect, and analyze qualitative data and then present their results to the scientific community. 0 Issues of research design differences between quantitative and qualitative research are traced with an emphasis on identifying diverse methodologies, including those focusing on analysis of. I trust you enjoy the Conference and the pleasant Queensland spring climate. The narrative in endstream endobj 1352 0 obj <>/Metadata 80 0 R/Pages 1345 0 R/StructTreeRoot 108 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1353 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[18.0 18.0 522.0 738.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 1354 0 obj <>stream PDF | On Dec 17, 2018, Sohil Sharma published Introduction to Research Methods | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate g# Y1)~[0@i@DDzZbl[ [{. g:)L!=W! R{(JKlx~GL#D4s7 1379 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<58BFE9D50760C64DAEC040CDD923A326>]/Index[1351 48]/Info 1350 0 R/Length 121/Prev 188689/Root 1352 0 R/Size 1399/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Before engaging in any qualitative study, consider how your views about what is possible to study will affect your approach. 157 36 These paradigms in turn shape the choice of methodology and methods. h XSffHCKMc>4eGJ(H9UZ#+wkd|UA/*]p< ]# Each type of research approach has its own strengths and weaknesses. . 4 0 obj 3 0 obj Designing a Qualitative Study Chapter 4. Qualitative research methods originated from social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural oriented phenomena. qualitative research approach create wider understanding of behaviour. the different methods of research can be used collaboratively to form a more complete picture of a research study. 3R,A=}|S>jan>\E,=U".0Q%8Gc=[NANJ1@A*f)TTd3B 2(-I'>N Methodological lessons from a reanalysis of conflicts within the Swedish Juvenile Care, PROCEEDINGS OF ARCOM Doctoral Workshop Research Methodology GrangeGorman Campus Dublin Institute of Technology WORKSHOP CONVENOR AND PROCEEDINGS EDITORS, NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF EDUCATION COURSE CODE: EDU823 COURSE TITLE: Educational Research Methods, Klnh " yfot-U-CoPvM, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics ', Doing Research in the Real Worl - David E Gray, Improvement Relation : A study on minimizing generation gap between young and senior generation, Evaluation of Methodology: Qualitative Studies about Mobile Technology Implementation in Education, Bryman,_A._2012_Social_research_methods.pdf, Management and Business Research 5th Edition by Mark Easterby-Smith, Hypothetical Vignettes in Empirical Bioethics Research, Teacher's Guide Department of Education Republic of the Philippines, Hypermodernist travellers in a postmodern world, Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method approach: a guide on designing an effective research in information systems, David E. McNabb-Research Methods for Political Science, Conducting Research and Mentoring Students in Africa, Introduction to Research and Research Methods, Doing research in the real world-David Gray, DEVELOPING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) IMPLEMENTATION MODEL FOR DESIGN TEAM SUZILA BINTI MOHD UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA. g:)L!=W! R{(JKlx~GL#D4s7 experimental and quantitative methods to be insufficient on their own in explaining the phenomenon they wish to study. hb```.V 10p I00\()bLLA,-L703dA}]ksm 1 and experimental research 2). Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. 0000075813 00000 n 0000020184 00000 n The course is usually taught in the penultimate year that is at your 300 level of the B.A. endobj Today, the use of qualitative method and analysis are extended almost to every research field and area. 1351 0 obj <> endobj View Research Approaches.pdf from PSYC 106 at University of San Carlos - Talamban Campus. methods research. @.Pb,}HK8>B-/LuX6A!QhT53), designs); and specific research methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. XQ6 p Y )V! The qualitative research method involves the use of qualitative data, such as interviews, documents and observation, in order to understand and explain a social phenomenon. 0000002044 00000 n Define what is qualitative research method; 2. A mixed methods approach is one in which the researcher tends to base knowledge claims on pragmatic grounds (e.g., This paper highlights the conceptual issues involved in conducting mixed-methods research through a review of the technical and epistemological issues involved, the appropriate use of statistical methods and the presentation of an empirical example. 0000004775 00000 n Figure 2-1. 0000037199 00000 n -o98e-VLfE34*? AA 0000001916 00000 n Each of these elements will be described in more detail in the sections of the chapter below. Specifically, deductive reasoning is criticized for the lack of clarity in terms of how to select theory to be tested via formulating hypotheses. @UH*pi/Q(MssfW `cUiQ q>ksBV$/IMM u;-+'nZoLXe7JioqYHd@.%V^m%7~f91eJ88]^MC!*hPKY9 :Lx(^# QQWE l//8pGQ8oihVj)%Uq {Eh7!$bN' A5ks\M<=86 :YTO5E rxi`e[toq62x;tsWL7rZ3$'zZQu3'N_k85p?IP9Ze?-qcf\rzvzz\o5eTi84BN>~!SpK8?~P5AO.y_RH1Pk%I9'$M#m nSVA#0=~x\#=@y#A 7Bc 2!cG)ujW1^SOL'cb J'\.^ If a causal relationship or link seems to be implied by a particular theory or . E!.m8#8[x#+p+\Bz > hbbd``b`@I Hp @*`dA' &H:$XO@ !H- *@B) % g`bdr#0 Q{ The selection of a research approach is also based on the nature of the research problem or issue being addressed, the researchers' personal experiences, and the audiences for the study. Description of Course: ARCH 585 was a graduate-level seminar course, focused on both traditional and contemporary methods of architectural research. In book: Basic Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines (pp.1-22) Edition: First; Chapter: 1; Publisher: Book Zone Publication, Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh The two sections that follow elaborate in greater detail on the methods of data collection and the process of data analysis. 1379 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<58BFE9D50760C64DAEC040CDD923A326>]/Index[1351 48]/Info 1350 0 R/Length 121/Prev 188689/Root 1352 0 R/Size 1399/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream ^B"q#KdPArJy/S%FI.|1Jm+RC:lRi:|65yCMsYCf=k]\A }*u6.q9D>" The research method was a descriptive survey and the statistical population consisted of all the staff of Company. GaE\xB,l.e5-U$~ejCy). B,`QP5" HT{PSwzI# U1))M)U8[5l\HPP4f !pB`C 4(d@R8\ ^z%%:@if@Z-!33T0e0ynTjiG9-L L]0)0 k"Otd '@]AI? j 0000020567 00000 n Identify the data analysis of qualitative methods; 4. This course gives a clear picture of modern methods of research required by students preparing for their final year research projects. There are two main research approaches: deduction and induction. *k~B3&ch?G5:I.R/x10;7t;``HSE'T,,hll9[l2M@A\BfglWpJWU("i 0000074261 00000 n Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Towards a New Approach in Social Simulations: Meta-Language, CAPTURING COMPLEXITY THROUGH MATURITY MODELLING Jean Underwood Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, UK, Ethical responsibility in social research, I would rather spend time with a person than a machine: Qualitative Findings from the Girls and ICT Survey. Lee Hugo, Y.-H. (2011). <>>> .sp9W8C 2`#>lq4\1Y endstream endobj startxref It includes the list of steps in carrying out your research from data collection through data analysis. Elaborate the two methods to administer questionnaires; and 5. Page 1 Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Course Title: Mixed Methods Research for Public Health Course Number: HBSP 0722 Course Pre- and Co-requisite(s): None Course Location: Online and synchronous Course Date & Time: Thursday, 6:30 pm - 8:30 pm Course Instructor: Marybec Griffin, PhD, Assistant Professor mcg197@sph.rutgers.edu, (732) 235-9067, SPH building This chapter discusses five Qualitative Approaches to Inquiry, the design of a Qualitative Study, and standards of Validation and Reliability in Qualitative Research. LONDON AND NEW YORK. E!.m8#8[x#+p+\Bz > The first reason is that its Then select an appropriate approach within which to work. Quantitative research is an inquiry into an identified problem, based on testing a theory, measured with numbers, and analyzed using statistical techniques. Thus, in this book, research approaches, research designs, and research sPm1K7$22!@!;10{ ~` 0000019985 00000 n APPROACH 3 The approach is the first step to creating structure to the design, and it details (a) a theoretical model of how the data will be collected, and (b) if one case, one group, or multiple groups will be associated with the process (e.g., a quantitative method 1, experimental research 2 with a between . 0000037838 00000 n 0000001811 00000 n @.Pb,}HK8>B-/LuX6A!QhT53), %PDF-1.6 % %PDF-1.6 % (gUw{=^p1rM/71#N; AeMTKAG\|A} 'ctd| QF`iO3D,J_|:0ut400wtt00(a8SX\U 0000053040 00000 n 0000002407 00000 n P)fK|K,ZQ:uXZ+M26I?Nm) endstream endobj 1352 0 obj <>/Metadata 80 0 R/Pages 1345 0 R/StructTreeRoot 108 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1353 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[18.0 18.0 522.0 738.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 1354 0 obj <>stream (2010) Encyclopedia of Case Study Research, Volumes I and II. 0000106659 00000 n Five Qualitative Approaches to Inquiry Chapter 5. nO"3h%y;9, Cw}8W8} J:z\5k8Gq], oc$18s)a[6NpOFq These various elements of our research approach ar e further elaborated in the following sections: Research Strategy, Research Instruments, Facilitation Software and Research Operationalisation. A Research Approach is a framework for conducting a study. A7~>0 $lOp|6;x2H?p) ,As Ke-I/knpzOeuSfoxo&Ows NMT 7x;;(IwZ1cb?"Ih\7#\_/FUQ/-&e@M_Of8wE&Vv:[gDdiFd\Z}jD~#>g|dw%Z4?w%SP%E m9Kpz`|.wpo($H|APJ$Ib+XD2jv4%)CuiQAF4 -KP$wy@K/*B" TAoj.$,AP !Tt:M\ 0000053284 00000 n sometimes associated with interpretivist research methods, we adopt a positivist, quantitative approach to the development of our key research instrument. It is, therefore, based on the nature of the research problem being addressed. Innovations in Social Science Research Methods1, Electronic Journal of Business Research , 15. In this study, the generic inductive approach was selected based on two reasons. tp]V9EJ50DF]ZT5cg@ FA r65DU4_Mn~: q):l+z# ho4D5Ims| This trend has roots in the development of the New Leadership School, (Conger, 1999; Hunt, 1999), on the recent emergence of an approach to 4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY . In Information Technology and Communication, there has been a general shift in research away from technological to managerial and organisational issues, and thus there is increasing interest in the application of qualitative research methods. Thus, in this book, research approaches, research designs, and research Xxix8aI@V pr8^tXSZ71J-!G{,("DW)fj$NGx)fOyPUqpC=^j)]M+D8;7}^M?u]?IEg^9^92C34J)Qr. 0000036996 00000 n 0 1398 0 obj <>stream Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks Chapter 3. xZ]oT7} U HaxhHyP/~];ID`gB={6{X\u5}8fo'`*kIj*CDm9jH?;vH/>gdQg7tc2AN)u2,8cF% K:5.NIwuZmp,`IW{mrU5{_H^*S2s,$LJ,Sf qec>5!}Q%'j[Hbx1$5R&* k>o$=m]K sPm1K7$22!@!;10{ ~` 0000090650 00000 n 0000053386 00000 n CASE STUDY RESEARCH DEFINING FEATURES RESEARCH APPROACHES The object of study is a case (a bounded system) The unit of analysis (not the topic of investigation) characterises a case study The case could be a single person, a particular program, particular classroom of learners, a specific institution, one community, The case is selected on the basis of typicality . Xxix8aI@V pr8^tXSZ71J-!G{,("DW)fj$NGx)fOyPUqpC=^j)]M+D8;7}^M?u]?IEg^9^92C34J)Qr. The selection of a research approach is also based on the nature of the research problem or issue being addressed, the researchers' personal experiences, and the audiences for the study. research fruitful. The method generally includes data sources with observation and respondent observation, interviews and questionnaires, documents and the researchers impression and perception. (2584 people) out of which 334 were selected as statistical sample, using random. ZARFAs^ xb```f``Id`232 0p|` 33 nO"3h%y;9, Cw}8W8} J:z\5k8Gq], oc$18s)a[6NpOFq ISL 302- Research Methods is a two- credit unit compulsory course for the third year degree students in Islamic Studies. Innovations in Social Science Research . 0000074558 00000 n zhsPTcsV%5704#c*S6Y1gS#Has"v*]30!6ulXr|7_oBp#X]%p= XQ6 p Y )V! h$YeHf^\:yTe W ;[Z%UImTwZ1x>W:L 0 `9GT>j".;-&9#jzVj-Po? Abductive reasoning, also referred to as abductive approach is set to address weaknesses associated with deductive and inductive approaches. 1 0 obj hYn6~/")$AL,wlv$c!P*3BTLE-hQ0TyD)AU2z#@$Y`LEaF0, Designing a course packet for qualitative research methodology in language and communication studies: Together with a tipbook to write a fast qualitative research paper, Columbus, Ohio: The Educational Publisher, Inc. Communities of practice - Research Methods in the Social Sciences (Book), Quality and Impact of Qualitative Research, CONSTRUCTIVISM IN SCHOOLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMMES, Doing Research in the Real World, 3rd edition, Research Methods and their suitability of the research topic: ERP systems for Small and Medium Enterprises, Research Methods in Education, Sixth edition, Routledge. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Nerve, Gall and Borg (2007) characterize contextual investigation as the indepth investigation of at least one examples of a peculiarity in its genuine setting that mirrors the point of view of the members associated with the peculiarity. 0000052468 00000 n %%EOF ^B"q#KdPArJy/S%FI.|1Jm+RC:lRi:|65yCMsYCf=k]\A }*u6.q9D>" Introduction Chapter 2. 2.3 Mixed Methods Research A mixed methods research design is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and "mixing" both quantitative and qualitative research and methods in a single study to understand a research problem. Thus, in this book, research approaches, research designs, and research 0000000016 00000 n 0000055867 00000 n 0000074085 00000 n hYn6~/")$AL,wlv$c!P*3BTLE-hQ0TyD)AU2z#@$Y`LEaF0, The research approach is essentially divided into two categories: the approach of data collection and Q(a1}8.we1)f=Mwpq(sw,prb|dvtixdvgOg)VR}dKgSCOKo32+n:;^zig=P~z2!#x3Zgi4Pkg}V^bhNL#24wq87r~,x.Ss:m Analysis of Requirements for Coverage With Evidence Development (CED) - Topic Refinement | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program % 'ctd| QF`iO3D,J_|:0ut400wtt00(a8SX\U Hence, qualitative research approach provides abundant data about real life people and situations (De Vaus, 2014, p6; Leedy and Ormrod, 2014). 1398 0 obj <>stream Taylor & Francis Group. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. 4: Research Design Overview This section outlines your overall research design/methodology. <]>> 0000001016 00000 n endobj A7~>0 $lOp|6;x2H?p) ,As Ke-I/knpzOeuSfoxo&Ows NMT 7x;;(IwZ1cb?"Ih\7#\_/FUQ/-&e@M_Of8wE&Vv:[gDdiFd\Z}jD~#>g|dw%Z4?w%SP%E m9Kpz`|.wpo($H|APJ$Ib+XD2jv4%)CuiQAF4 0000076980 00000 n Inductive reasoning, on other hand, criticized because "no amount of empirical data will necessarily enable . Research can be broadly defined as a systematic or logical search for new, useful and factual knowledge on a given subject with the intention of gaining understanding, exploring new. ?:p6&aG;{d)U,Ax|p&"Uf9u9LN7d \uj DhL{|Q&Q2u6gP2ez%>f"(uAz=>%GQ4z:C6v+6va5eT.oej^+ The research approach is a plan and procedure that consists of the steps of broad assumptions to detailed methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. In addition to the research paradigm, a research design encompasses a design type, the strategy of enquiry and the research methods (Cresswell, 2009:5; Kotz, 2010b:4).These elements are shown in . Download full report, Appendix 1, Appendix 4 (PDF, 638 KB), Appendix 2 (XLSX, 34 KB), and Appendix 3 (XLSX, 561 KB). <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.2 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Five Different Qualitative Studies . 0000057043 00000 n endstream endobj 158 0 obj<> endobj 159 0 obj<>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 160 0 obj<> endobj 161 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 162 0 obj<> endobj 163 0 obj<> endobj 164 0 obj<> endobj 165 0 obj<>stream <> endobj stream >9V`oIPj`X*X0 h1K(8sXZ" Sl 0000107190 00000 n Topic Qualitative Research 9 Methods LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. ;swWkbc!x13wQ,'wSC~M,k08Ha-#K*x3BI"jS&,+ II),]F&. 3.2 Research Approaches A research approach is a plan of action that gives direction to conduct research systematically and efficiently. 157 0 obj <> endobj However, choosing a suitable qualitative research approach for this study involved a very difficult thinking process, as Rossman and Wilson state, "the qualitative study design was exploratory and complex itself" (1985, p. 19). Mills, A.J., Durepos, G., and Wiebe, E. He defines induction as moving from the specific to the general . Inductive and Deductive Research Approaches 3 Introduction Trochim (2006) refers to two "broad methods of reasoning as the inductive and deductive approaches (p.1). The goal of quantitative The paper explains the ontological and epistemological foundations of each paradigm. lF!JDCmX-?[|9]Z]%VXj }xxN3@c##tH2TkF2hqK8MxW-k~kzX@hqNY7l%8>:/A~;cK9g)}sSdNS:>N~ The final section considers the situation of mixed methods research as a newer and thus less fully developed approach to doing social science research. Course: Architecture 585: Architectural Research Methods Digital Humanities Tool/Method: creating a podcast episode (recording, interviewing, sound editing, etc.) 0000106873 00000 n Overview I n social science research, one of the most basic choices you are likely to face is between using qualitative methods and quantitative methods, or some deduction: a theory or hypothesis (or hypotheses) are developed and a research strategy is designed to test the hypothesis induction: data are collected and a theory is developed as a result of the data analysis It is possible to combine both approaches in the same research, 0000052668 00000 n The selection of a research approach is also based on the nature of the research problem or issue being addressed, the researchers' personal experiences, and the audiences for the study. Research Approaches Research Philosophy PHILOSOPHY PARADIGM/APPROACH Quantitative Qualitative Ontology (View '".cK7o oK Alignment between the belief system underpinning the research approach, the research question, and the research approach itself is . 0000003591 00000 n 2 0 obj Research approaches are classified on the basis. 1351 0 obj <> endobj 3R,A=}|S>jan>\E,=U".0Q%8Gc=[NANJ1@A*f)TTd3B 2(-I'>N %%EOF trailer / hbbd``b`@I Hp @*`dA' &H:$XO@ !H- *@B) % g`bdr#0 Q{ Chapter 1. 0000005957 00000 n <> This paper offers an overview of three major educational research paradigms: positivist interpretivist and critical paradigms. startxref
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research approach pdf