[19][pageneeded], As RAND Corporation policy reported, MEK supporters seek donations at public places, often showing "gruesome pictures" of human rights victims in Iran and claiming to raise money for them but funnelling it to MEK. ), Southeast Asian (e.g., Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Thai, etc.). [25], In a speech in December 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini called the concept of ethnic minorities contrary to Islamic doctrines. In Canada, indigenous groups comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Mtis. It was involved in Operation Mersad,[54][55] Operation Forty Stars, Operation Shining Sun[56][57][58][59] and the suppression of the 1991 uprisings in Iraq. During the day at these latitudes, the Sun tends to rise to its maximum at a southerly position. [125] When most of these model farming villages failed,[125] the government turned instead to the creation of Indian reserves with the Indian Act of 1876. [5] The official state policy of multiculturalism is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments,[6] and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity and Canadian values.[7][8][9]. About 44,415 people in Ontario were Black newcomers (2011 to 2016) and represented 14.1% of all Black immigrants in Ontario. 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[127][128] Quebec's policy seeks to promote interculturalism, welcoming people of all origins while insisting that they integrate into Quebec's majority French-speaking society. (Tony) Whitford NWT Commissioner", "Her Majesty The Queen vs. Steve Powley and Roddy Charles Powley (R. v. Powley, 2 S.C.R. [131] According to Ervand Abrahamian, "whatever the truth, the Islamic Republic used the incident to wage war on the Left opposition in general and the Mojahedin in particular". Since the 1996 Census, Black is one of the population groups listed on the census questionnaire. [419][420], The Islamic Republic of Iran has also been known to kidnap and torture captured MEK members and their families. The dates vary each year due to the difference between the calendar year and the astronomical year. Disaggregated 2016 Census data tables with selected demographic, cultural, labour market and income characteristics are available on Statistics Canadas Census program website which can provide insights on similarities and differences within the Black population as well as between the Black population and other populations in Canada. Like Fattahian, Yasamani was tortured and authorities tried to force him to confess, but he refused. [12] Canada has experienced different waves of immigration since the 19th century, and by the 1980s almost 40 percent of the population were of neither British nor French origins (the two largest groups, and among the oldest). They would throw me on the ground and treat me like a football between three people. Ambassadors to the United Nations, the former U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey, a former White House Chief of Staff, a former commander of the United States Marine Corps, former U.S. National Security Advisor Frances Townsend, and U.S. President Barack Obama's retired National Security Adviser General James L. Jones called for the MEK to be removed from its official State Department foreign terrorist listing on the grounds that they constituted a viable opposition to the Islamic Republic Government. "[39][40] The party was also noted for their opposition to government-sponsored multiculturalism. The Kurdistan Free Life Party or PJAK. [21] Most provincial jurisdictions do not recognize it as a statutory holiday. [23], While black ex-slave refugees from the United States had been tolerated, racial minorities of African or Asian origin were generally believed "beyond the pale" (not acceptable to most people). [142] From 1982 to 1988, the lingering underground presence of the MEK in Iran nevertheless remained operational went on to perform an average of sixty operations per week, resulting in assassinations of important Khomeini deputies. [171] In woodland areas, they made horns of birch bark and drumsticks of carved antlers and wood. [292], In 1995, the MEK's website published a 16-point 'Charter for Fundamental Freedoms for Future Iran' that it said was announced by Maryam Rajavi at a meeting in Germany. The Warden of Evin prison announced the firing squad executions of demonstrators, including teenage girls. [122] If an Aboriginal chose to enfranchise, it would strip them and their family of Aboriginal title, with the idea that they would become "less savage" and "more civilized," thus become assimilated into Canadian society. Despite the opposition, the 3 December 1979 referendum vote approved the new constitution. The emancipation of women is now depicted in Maryam Rajavi's writings "as both a policy end and a strategy toward revolutionizing Iran. Many Mohawks moved to Canada at the end of the war, and others were driven out by the Oneida, who had sided with the Americans. [100], After the disappearance of the Norse colonies in Greenland, the Inuit had no contact with Europeans for at least a century. [306], After exile, the MEK sought the support of prominent politicians, academics and human rights lawyers. [157], On the night of Saturday 18 June 1988, Iraq launched the Operation Forty Stars with the help of the MEK. Christianization as government policy became more systematic with the Indian Act in 1876, which would bring new sanctions for those who did not convert to Christianity. Towards the end of 1993, anonymous gunmen attacked Air France offices and the French embassy in Iran after France allowed Maryam Rajavi and 200 MEK members to enter France. Congress and the bank in question were not aware that the demonstrators were actually providing material support to the MEK. Emma Ambrose and Cas Mudde examining surveys of Western nations report: Data confirms that Canada has fostered a much more accepting society for immigrants and their culture than other Western countries. [149] Its funding was discontinued in 2012. What could be more absurd than the concept of an all-Canadian boy or girl? [116][117], Critics of multiculturalism in Canada often debate whether the multicultural ideal of benignly co-existing cultures that interrelate and influence one another, and yet remain distinct, is sustainable, paradoxical or even desirable. [358][359][360] It was also lifted in the United States following a decision by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton[217] on 21 September 2012 and lastly in Canada on 20 December 2012. The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran is known by a variety of names including: Mojahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MEK or PMOI); The National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA) the group's armed wing; National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) the MEK is the founding member of a coalition of organizations The first modern treaty implemented under the new framework was the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1970. [423][unreliable source? [178][179] Since the 1980s the number of First Nations babies more than doubled and currently almost half of the First Nations population is under the age of 25. Northern Europe might be defined roughly to include some or all of the following areas: British Isles, Fennoscandia, the peninsula of Jutland, the Baltic plain that lies to the east and the many islands that lie offshore from mainland Northern Europe and the main European continent. [403] According to Kenneth Katzman, "there has been much speculation among academics and observers that these bombings may have actually been planned by senior IRP leaders, to rid themselves of rivals within the IRP". Live breaking news, national news, sports, business, entertainment, health, politics and more from CTV News. [66], The Plano cultures was a group of hunter-gatherer communities that occupied the Great Plains area of North America between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago. The Mojahedin who gave unsatisfactory answers were promptly taken to a special room and later hanged in batches of six. President Khatami praised the glory of Kurdish culture and history. [444] [167] Following Operation Mersad, a military attack on Iranian forces by the MEK desiring to gather Iranian opposition at home and overthrow the Islamic Republic, a large number of prisoners from the MEK were executed along with many other individuals from other leftist opposition groups[168][169] Khomeini used the MEK's failed invasion as a pretext for the mass execution of thousands of MEK members "who remained steadfast in their support for the MEK" and other leftists in Iranian jails through a fatwa. [24][25] However, on reserves, First Nations is being supplanted by members of various nations referring to themselves by their group or ethnic identity. [177][179], Indigenous people assert that their sovereign rights are valid, and point to the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which is mentioned in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982, Section 25, the British North America Acts and the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (to which Canada is a signatory) in support of this claim.[180][181]. Iraqi Foreign Minister, Tariq Aziz and Rajavi in January 1983 as well as the "Holy and Revolutionary" nature of Rajavis in April 1984. [217] Iran state television also condemned the delisting of the group, saying that the U.S. considers MEK to be "good terrorists because the U.S. is using them against Iran". [170][165] The executions were carried out by several high-ranking members of Iran's current government. "[32] According to Patrick Cockburn "Israeli commentators have confirmed the MEK-Israeli connection", although the MEK have denied any association with Israel. [242], In 2010 the NCRI claimed to have uncovered a secret nuclear facility in Iran. "Shiism, particularly Hussein's historic act of martyrdom and resistance, has both a revolutionary message and a special place in our popular culture". [496], The RAND Corporation policy report on the group suggests that between 1979 and 1981 it was the most popular dissident group in Iran, however, the former reputation is diminished to the extent that it is now "the only entity less popular" than the Iranian government. [182], The Iranian Ministry of Intelligence (MOIS) cracked down on MEK activity, carrying out what a US Federal Research Division, Library of Congress Report referred to as "psychological warfare". [9] According to Ervand Abrahamian, the MEK "declared that God had created men and women to be equal in all things: in political and intellectual matters, as well as in legal, economic, and social issues". He was also denied a fair trial. According to the 2000 US Census, there were 283,225 Iranian-born people in the US. The capital city of the state was first in Sharazour in present-day Iraqi Kurdistan, but was later moved to Sinne (Sanandaj) (in present-day Iran). In 1217, Kurds of Zagros defeated the troops of Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, the Khwarazmid king, who were sent from Hamadan.[9]. At Camp Ashraf, the US forces disarmed the residents and signed a formal ceasefire agreement that promised them the status of "protected persons" under the Fourth Geneva Convention, which "outlines the rules for protecting civilians in times of war". Laurentian people of southern Ontario manufactured the oldest pottery excavated to date in Canada. The fastest growing Black population in Canada is in the Prairies, where it has more than quadrupled in size over 20 years, from 39,955 in 1996 to 174,655 in 2016. Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives the federal parliament exclusive power to legislate in matters related to Aboriginals, which includes groups governed by the Indian Act, different Numbered Treaties and outside of those Acts. Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent.. [139] Others were sent to rehabilitation camps, while about eight to ten thousand were kept in prison for minor charges such as "possession of copies of clandestine the Mujahid newspaper and similar acts of defiance". Traditionally, Indigenous peoples used the materials at hand to make their instruments for centuries before Europeans immigrated to Canada. [97] By 1300, the Inuit had settled in west Greenland, and finally moved into east Greenland over the following century. After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020. After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg, which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, Dimdim was captured. Although Persian historians (like Eskandar Beg) depicted the first battle of Dimdim as a result of Kurdish mutiny or treason, in Kurdish oral traditions (Beyt dimdim), literary works (Dzhalilov, pp. [268] In October 2018, the French government officially and publicly blamed Iran's Intelligence Service for the failed attack against the MEK. The first generation Black population makes up the majority of the total Black population in the Territories. [101], This led to two rival Mojahedin, each with its own publication, its own organization, and its own activities. [75] The CRTC revised their Ethnic Broadcasting Policy in 1999 to go into the details on the conditions of the distribution of ethnic and multilingual programming. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of Canada, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years. [321], Maryam Rajavi became increasingly important over feminism-colored politics. [481][482], Members who defected from the MEK and some experts say that these Mao-style self-criticism sessions are intended to enforce control over sex and marriage in the organization as a total institution. [140], According to Professor Cheryl Bernard, the mass execution of political prisoners carried out by the Islamic Republic in 1981 caused the MEK to split into four groups: those that were arrested, imprisoned or executed, a group that went underground in Iran, another that left to Kurdistan and a final group that left to other countries abroad. First Nations and Inuit organizations ranged in size from band societies of a few people to multi-nation confederacies like the Iroquois. 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